ÀÌ ±ÛÀº ¿µ±¹ Cambridge ´ëÇб³ ÃâÆǺο¡¼ Ãâ°£ÇÏ´Â °í°íÇÐ ÀâÁö AntiquityÀÇ 95È£ 381¹ø ³í¹®À» ¹ø¿ªÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚµéÀº Felix Höflmayer(Æ縯½º ȸÇø¶À̾î, Austria), Haggai Misgav(Çа¡ÀÌ ¹Ì½º°¡ºê, Israel), Lyndelle Webster(¸°µé À¥½ºÅÍ, Austria), Katharina Streit(īŸ¸®³ª ½´Æ®¶óÀÌÆ®, Austria) µîÀÌ´Ù. ³í¹® º»¹® °ýÈ£ ¾È¿¡ Á¦½ÃµÈ ÀúÀÚ¿Í ³í¹® ȤÀº ´ÜÇົÀÇ ÃâÆÇ ¿¬µµ´Â ³í¹® ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Âü°í¹®Çå ¹× °¢ÁÖ¿¡ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. - ÆíÁýÀÚ |
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¾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚÀÇ ±â¿øÀº ±â¿øÀü 2000³â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ·¹¹ÝÆ®ÀÎ »çȸÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½Ã³ªÀÌ¿Í ±â¿øÀü 19¼¼±â·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ´Â ÀÌÁýÆ®¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ °¡Àå Ãʱâ Áõ°Å¿Í ±â¿øÀü 13¼¼±â ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡¼ ³ª¿Â ¹®ÀÚ À¯¹°µé »çÀÌÀÇ ¿¬´ë±âÀû °ø¹é±â´Â ÀÌ µÑÀ» °¥¶ó³õ´Â´Ù. ÀÌ ±Û¿¡¼ ÀúÀÚµéÀº À̽º¶ó¿¤ ÅÚ ¶óÅ°½Ã(Tel Lachish)¿¡¼ »õ·Î ¹ß°ßµÈ Èıâ ûµ¿±â ¾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®¿¡ ´ëÇØ º¸°íÇÑ´Ù. ±â¿øÀü 15¼¼±â·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ´Â ÀÌ ºñ¹®Àº ÇöÀç·Î¼´Â ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ® Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ³ª¿Â ¿¬´ë°¡ ºÐ¸íÇÑ °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ ¾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®À̸ç, ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÌ ºñ¹®À» ‘ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° °í¸®’·Î º¼¸¸ ÇÏ´Ù. ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ® Áö¿ª¿¡¼ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ°¡ È®»êµÈ °ÍÀº Èıâ ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ¸·Î¸¸ º¼ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±â¿øÀü 2õ³â Áß¹Ý, ·¹¹ÝÆ®Àΰú ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÎ »çÀÌÀÇ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀÇ »ê¹°·Î °£ÁÖÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
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Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ´Â ¼À¾î±º¿¡¼ ¹ßÀüµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ½Ã³ªÀÌ ¹Ýµµ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ ¼¼¶óºñÆ® ¿¤-Ä«µõ(Serabit el-Khadim) ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ÀÌÁýÆ® ±¤»ê ÀÛ¾÷¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ¿´´ø, ¼¾Æ½Ã¾Æ°è ¹ÎÁ·(°¡³ª¾ÈÀÎ)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ßÀüµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ°ï ÇÑ´Ù(Sass 1988; Goldwasser 2006; Naʾaman 2020). ÀÌÈÄ ÀÌ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺªÀº ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ®·Î ÆÛÁ®³ª°¡ Æä´ÏÅ°¾Æ ¾ËÆĺªÀ¸·Î º¯ÇüµÇ¾ú°í, Èʳ¯ À̷κÎÅÍ ±×¸®½º ¾ËÆĺªÀÌ ÆÄ»ýµÇ¾ú´Ù(Albright 1969; Naveh 1987; Sass 1988; Goldwasser 2006; Hamilton 2006, 2014; Morenz 2011; Daniels 2017; Burlingame 2019; Naʾaman 2020). ÀÌ·± Çؼ®Àº 20¼¼±â ÃÊ¿¡ ½Ã³ªÀÌ Áö¿ª, ¼¼¶óºñÆ® ¿¤-Ä«µõÀÇ ÇÏÅ丣 ½ÅÀü(the temple of Hathor) ÁÖº¯(±×¸²1)¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ ´Ù¼öÀÇ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®µé(Petrie 1906; Leibovitch 1934)¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Ë¶õ °¡µð³Ê(Alan Gardiner)ÀÇ ¿µÇâ·Â ÀÖ´Â ³í¹®Àº ÀÌ ºñ¹®µéÀÌ ÀÌÁýÆ® »óÇü¹®ÀڷκÎÅÍ À¯·¡ÇÑ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚÀÇ »ç·ÊÀÓÀ» Áõ¸íÇß´Ù(Gardiner 1916; see also Gardiner 1962).
¡ã ±×¸² 1. º»¹®¿¡ ¾ð±ÞµÈ Áö¿ªÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇÑ Áöµµ(M. Börner, Austrian Academy of Sciences) |
1998³â ÀÌÁýÆ® ¼ºÎ »ç¸· Áö´ë¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿Íµð ¿¤-Ȧ(Wadi el-Hol)¿¡¼ ÀáÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÁýÆ® Áß¿Õ±¹ Èıâ·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ´Â(Á¦12¿ÕÁ¶ ÈĹݿ¡¼ Á¦13¿ÕÁ¶ ÃʹÝ, ±â¿øÀü 19¼¼±â ÈĹݿ¡¼ 18¼¼±â ÃʹÝ) µÎ °³ÀÇ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®ÀÌ Ãß°¡·Î ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù(Darnell et al. 2005). ÀÌ ºñ¹®µéÀº Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ°¡ ½Ã³ªÀÌ Áö¿ª¿¡ ±¹ÇѵÇÁö ¾Ê°í ³ªÀÏ °è°î¿¡¼µµ »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ½À» Áõ¸íÇÑ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐ ÇÐÀÚ´Â ÀÌ ºñ¹®µéÀÌ, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÀÌÁýÆ® ¹®¹ýÀÌ »ç¿ëµÈ(Wimmer & Wimmer-Dweikat 2001) Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚÀÇ È®½ÇÇÑ »ç·Ê¶ó´Â Á¡¿¡(Hamilton 2014: 31–34) µ¿ÀÇÇϴµ¥, ÀϺΠÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ºñ¹®µéÀÌ ‘¾ö¹ÐÇÑ Àǹ̿¡¼’ ÀÌÁýÆ® »óÇü¹®ÀÚ ºñ¹®µé·Î ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇØ¿Ô´Ù(Morenz 2011: 171–75). Å׺£ ¼ºÎÀÇ ¹«´ý(TT 99)¿¡¼ ÃÖ±Ù ¹ß°ßµÈ ¿À½ºÆ®¶óÄÜ(°Ñ¸é¿¡ ±ÛÀÚ°¡ ¾²¿©Áø Åä±âÁ¶°¢)Àº °³¿¬¼º ÀÖ´Â Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ »ç·ÊÀ̸ç, ÀÌ´Â °í¹®¼ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ±â¿øÀü 15¼¼±â·Î ÃßÁ¤µÈ´Ù(Haring 2015; Fischer-Elfert & Krebernik 2016; Schneider 2018).
Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®¼ÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬´ë´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ³íÀïÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù(Lemaire 2017; Haring 2020). ÀÌ ¿¬´ë´Â º»·¡ °¡µð³Ê¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀεéÀÌ ¼¼¶óºø ¿¤-Ä«µõ ÁÖº¯¿¡¼ ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î ±¤»ê È°µ¿À» ¹ú¿´´ø Á¦12¿ÕÁ¶(±â¿øÀü 2õ³â Ãʱâ)·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾ó¸¶ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Æ ±â¿øÀü 1500³â ÈĹÝ(Á¦18¿ÕÁ¶)À̳ª ´õ ´ÊÀº ¿¬´ë°¡ Á¦¾ÈµÇ¾ú°í(Leibovitch 1934, 1963), ´Ù¸¥ ´ëºÎºÐ ÇÐÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Á³´Ù(e.g. Albright 1948, 1969; Naveh 1987). ¸£¸Þ¸£(A. Lemaire)´Â Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ°¡ “±â¿øÀü 18-17¼¼±â°æ ³²ºÎ ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎÀ̳ª ÀÌÁýÆ® µ¨Å¸ Áö¿ªÀ» Èø¼Ò½º(Hyksos)°¡ ÅëÄ¡Çß´ø ½Ã±â”¿¡ ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. 1980³â´ë ÈĹݿ¡ À̸¥ ¿¬´ë¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇß´ø(Sass 1988) º¥ÀڹΠ»ç½º(Benjamin Sass)´Â 2000³â´ë Ãʹݿ¡ “¾ËÆĺªÀº ±â¿øÀü 14¼¼±â ¶Ç´Â 13¼¼±â Ãʹݿ¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³À¸¸ç... ±×ÈÄ ¾ó¸¶ ¾È µÇ¾î ·¹¹ÝÆ® Áö¿ª¿¡¼ µå·¯³µ´Ù.”¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇϸç ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ º»·¡ ÁÖÀåÀ» öȸÇß´Ù(Sass 2004–2005: 157).
¸Õ ºÏÂÊÀÎ ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ® Áö¿ª¿¡¼ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ°¡ ÃÖÃÊ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù´Â Á¡µµ ³íÀï°Å¸®ÀÌ´Ù. ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±â·Ï À¯Àûµé¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿©(¼¼ºÎÀûÀÎ ³íÀïÀº ¾Æ·¡¸¦ Âü°íÇ϶ó) ±× ¹®¼°¡ Áß±â ûµ¿±â¿¡¼ Èıâ ûµ¿±â·Î ³Ñ¾î°¡´Â À̸¥ ½Ã±â(±â¿øÀü 1600/1550³â°æ)¿¡ ÀÌ Áö¿ª¿¡ ÀüÇØÁø °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿À·§µ¿¾È ÃßÁ¤Çß´Ù(e.g. Naveh 1987; Sass 1988). ±×·¯³ª »ç½º´Â ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ “ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ ±â¿øÀü 14¼¼±â ÀÌÀü, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±â¿øÀü 1300³â ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®µéÀº ½Å·ÚÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù”¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù(Sass 2004–2005: 157). ³ª¾Æ¸¸(N. Naʾaman) ¶ÇÇÑ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡, ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ®·Î ¾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ°¡ ÀüÆÄµÈ ½Ã±â´Â Èıâ ûµ¿±â¥±(±â¿øÀü 14¼¼±â) ÀÌÀüÀ¸·Î °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ® Áö¿ª¿¡¼ÀÇ ¹®ÀÚ ¹ßÀüÀº Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë Á߹ݿ¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÎÀÇ ±â·Ï È°µ¿°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù(Naʾaman 2020).
¸¸¾à ¿ì¸®°¡ ½Ã³ªÀÌ Áö¿ª ºñ¹®µéÀÇ ¿¬´ë¸¦ Á¦12¿ÕÁ¶ Ãʱâ·Î ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ°í, Á¦12¿ÕÁ¶¿¡¼ Á¦13¿ÕÁ¶ Ãʱ⸦ ¿Íµð ¿¤-Ȧ¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ ºñ¹®µéÀÇ ¿¬´ë·Î ÃßÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÀÌ´Â ÀÌ ºñ¹®µé°ú óÀ½À¸·Î ±â¿øÀü 14/13¼¼±â¶ó´Â È®°íÇÑ ¿¬´ë°¡ ÃßÁ¤µÈ ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ®ÀÇ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®µé »çÀÌ¿¡ »ó´çÇÑ ½Ã°£Àû °ø¹éÀ» ³²±ä´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ÅÚ ¶óÅ°½Ã¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®Àº ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ·± °ø¹éÀ» ä¿öÁÖ¸ç, ±âÁ¸¿¡ Áß±â ûµ¿±â ÈĹÝÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ¾ú´ø Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚÀÇ »ç·Êµé¿¡ °üÇÑ ³íÀï¿¡ »õ·Î¿î ºûÀ» ºñÃçÁØ´Ù.
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ÇöÀç À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ ½¦Æç¶ó Áö¿ª(Shephelah)¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ÅÚ ¶óÅ°½Ã´Â ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ®ÀÇ Ã»µ¿±â¿Í ö±â ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ Áö¿ªÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°÷¿¡¼ÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷Àº »ó´ç¼öÀÇ Èıâ ûµ¿±â(±â¿øÀü 1600/1550-1200³â°æ)¿Í ö±â(±â¿øÀü 1200-586³â°æ) À¯ÀûµéÀ» ¹ß±¼ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀÇ Áö¸®Àû Á߿伺À» ÀÔÁõÇØÁÖ´Â ÀÌÁýÆ®, Å°ÇÁ·Î½º, ¿¡°ÔÇطκÎÅÍÀÇ ¼öÀÔÇ°ÀÌ ¹ß±¼µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¶óÅ°½Ã´Â ¾Æ¸àÈ£ÅÜ2¼¼(Amenhotep II, ±â¿øÀü 1427-1401³â°æ) ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÆÄÇǷ罺 Hermitage 1116A¿Í °°Àº ÀÌÁýÆ® ÀÚ·á¿¡¼µµ ¾ð±ÞµÇ´Âµ¥, ¿©±â¿¡´Â ¶óÅ°½Ã·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌÁýÆ® ±ÃÁ¤¿¡ ¿Â »çÀý´ÜÀÌ ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç(Epstein 1963), ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÇ ÅÚ ¿¤-¸¶¶ó¸£³ª(Tell el-Amarna)¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ, ±× ´ç½Ã ÁÖ¿ä ±Ç·ÂÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¼³Çü¹®ÀÚ·Î ÁÖ°í¹ÞÀº ÆíÁöÀÎ ¾Æ¸¶¸£³ª ¼½Åµé¿¡¼ Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô ´Ù·ïÁø´Ù(Rainey 2015). 2017³â¿¡´Â ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ ÆÀÀÌ ÅÚ ¶óÅ°½Ã¿¡¼ÀÇ ¹ß±¼À» Àç°³ÇÏ¿´´Ù(Streit et al. 2018). ÇöÀç µÎ °÷ÀÇ ¹ß±¼ ±¸¿ª¿¡¼ Á¶»ç°¡ ÁøÇà ÁßÀε¥(±×¸²2), ö±â ½Ã´ë À¯´Ù ±ÃÀü ºÏÂÊ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ P±¸¿ª°ú ¼ÂÊ ¾ð´ö °æ»ç¸é¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ S±¸¿ªÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ Áö¿ªÀº º»·¡ 1970³â´ë¿Í 1980³â´ë¿¡ ÅÚ ¾Æºñºê ´ëÇÐ(Tel Aviv University) Á¶»ç´Ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ß±¼µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç(Ussishkin 2004a), °íÇØ»óµµ AMS ¹æ»ç¼º ź¼Ò ¿¬´ë ÃøÁ¤¹ýÀÇ µµ¿òÀ¸·Î Áß±â¿Í Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÁöÃþ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½Éµµ ±íÀº ÀÌÇظ¦ À§ÇØ ÇöÀç Àç°³¹æµÇ¾ú´Ù.
¡ã ±×¸² 2. ¶óÅ°½Ã Áöµµ. ¹ß±¼ ±¸¿ª Ç¥½Ã(figure by A. Woitzuck, Austrian Academy of Sciences) |
»õ·Î¿î Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®Àº 2018³â ¹ß±¼ ±â°£¿¡ S±¸¿ª, ÁöÃþ S-3bÀÇ L1114 ÁöÁ¡¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ±¸¿ªÀº º»·¡ 1973³â¿¡¼ 1987³â »çÀÌ¿¡ ö±â ½Ã´ë¿Í Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë Á¡À¯ÃþÀÇ ¹è¿À» ¹ß°ßÇÑ ÅÚ ¾Æºñºê ÆÀ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ß±¼µÇ¾ú´Ù(Ç¥1)(Barkay & Ussishkin 2004a & b).
¡ã Ç¥ 1. S±¸¿ªÀÇ Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÁöÃþ. ¹®¸Æ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ ÁöÃþ(S-3b)ÀÇ À§Ä¡´Â °Á¶ÇÏ¿© Ç¥½ÃÇÔ. LB=Late Bronze(Èıâ ûµ¿±â), IA=Iron Age(ö±â) |
ÁöÃþ S-3Àº ƯÀÌÇÏ°Ô ±íÀº ¼®Àç ±âÃÊ À§¿¡ ¼¼¿öÁø 1m ÆøÀÇ È뺮µ¹ º®ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ±â³äºñÀûÀÎ °ÇÃ๰(°Ç¹°100)·Î Ư¡Áö¾îÁø´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐ °Ç¹°ÀÌ µµ¶û ºÏÂÊ ±¸È¹ ³Ñ¾î ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ³²ÂÊ º®(L1027)Àº µ¿¼·Î 16m¿¡ ´ÞÇÑ´Ù. °Ç¹°100Àº Àç»ç¿ëµÈ °¢°¢ÀÇ ´Ü°è¸¦ Áõ¸íÇϴµ¥, °¡Àå ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ´Ü°è´Â ÅÚ ¾Æºñºê ÆÀ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ ¹ß±¼µÇ¾ú´Ù(Barkay & Ussishkin 2004b: fig. 8.13). ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ Á¶»ç´ÜÀº ÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸· »ç¿ë ´Ü°è¸¦ ÁöÃþ S-3a·Î ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ¿´°í, ÇöÀç´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ À̸¥ ÇÏÀ§´Ü°è, ÁöÃþ S-3b¿Í S-3c°¡ È®ÀεǾú´Ù. °¢°¢ÀÇ ÇÏÀ§´Ü°è ½Ã±â¿¡ ÀÛÀº °¡Á¤¿ë °Ç¹°ÀÌ º® L1027¿¡ Á¢ÇÏ¿© °Ç¹°100 ³²ÂÊ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ¼¼¿öÁ³´Ù(±×¸²3). 2019³âÀÇ ¹ß±¼Àº °Ç¹°100ÀÌ ¿Üµý ±â³ä¹°ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼ºº®(L1220)°ú ¼ºÅ¾(L1127/L1163/L1227)À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¹æ¾îü°è¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ´Â Çʼö ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î Çü¼ºµÇ¾úÀ½À» µå·¯³Â´Ù(±×¸²3).
¡ã ±×¸² 3. ¼ÂÊÀ» ¹Ù¶óº» S±¸¿ª. Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÃʹÝÀÇ ¹æ¾î ½Ã¼³. ¿ìÃø¿¡´Â ºôµù100(L1027)ÀÇ ³²ÂÊ º®(figure by J. Dye & L. Webster, Austrian Academy of Sciences) |
Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®(±×¸²4¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ ‘B10969’)Àº ³²Âʺ® L1027 ÁÖº¯ ¸ÅÀåÃþÀ» ¹ß±¼ÇÏ´Â Áß¿¡ ¼ºº® L1220ÀÇ °¡Àå ³ôÀº °÷¿¡ º¸Á¸µÈ µ¹µé°ú °¡±î¿î Ãþ(225m Á¤µµ)¿¡¼ ±×(º® L1220) ¸ðÅüÀÌ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. (ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÁöÃþ S-3c°¡ ‘¹æ¾î ½Ã¼³’ÀÓÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ°í µå·¯³»´Âµ¥ ¿ì¼±½ÃµÈ´Ù) ±× ºñ¹®ÀÌ ÁöÃþ S-3 ´Ü°è¿¡ ¸ÅÀåµÇ¾úÀ½Àº ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Âµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ÁöÃþ S-3aÀÇ µÎ º®µé(L1162, L1043)°ú ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â Ãʱâ ÅÚ ¾Æºñºê Á¶»ç´Ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦°ÅµÇ¾ú´ø ÁöÃþ S-3a Ç¥¸é¿¡¼ 0.5m ÁöÁ¡ ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ¹¯ÇôÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù(Barkay & Ussishkin 2004b: fig. 8.13).
¡ã ±×¸² 4. S ¿µ¿ªÀÇ °èÃþ S-3 °èȹ, Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®ÀÇ ¹ß°ß ÁöÁ¡ Ç¥½Ã(B10696)(A. Woitzuck, Austrian Academy of Sciences) |
ºñ¹® Åä±â Á¶°¢Àº ¹æ»ç¼º ź¼Ò ¿¬´ëÃøÁ¤À» À§ÇØ ¿¬¼Ò ·»Áî L1150À» ³ëÃâ ¹× »ùÇøµ ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤ Áß¿¡, ¼¼ °³ÀÇ ±¸ºÐµÈ Àå¼Ò(L1150, L1117, ´Ù¸¥ µÎ °÷ À§¿¡ °¡·Î³õ¿© ä¿öÁø L1114)ÀÇ °æ°è¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. ºñ·Ï ÀÌ Åä±â Á¶°¢ÀÌ ·»Áî L1150 ¾È¿¡ À¯±â ¹°Áú°ú ÇÔ²² ¸ÅÀåµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö ºÒÈ®½ÇÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿¬¼ÒµÈ Ãþ°ú Á÷Á¢ °ü·ÃµÇ¾úÀ½Àº È®½ÇÇϸç, ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î °°Àº ½Ã±â¿¡ ¸ÅÀåµÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Åä±â Á¶°¢ÀÇ ¸ÅÀå ½Ã±â´Â ¹æ»ç¼º ź¼Ò ¿¬´ë ÃøÁ¤¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í º°°³·Î L1150¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ º¸¸® ¾Ë°»À̵鿡 ´ëÇÑ µÎ °¡Áö ÃøÁ¤ÀÌ È£·Î´×¾ð(Groningen)°ú ETH Ã븮È÷ AMS ¿¬±¸¼Ò¿¡¼ ºÐ¼®µÇ¾ú´Ù(GrM-17566 and ETH-96577). ±× °á°ú´Â ±×¸²5¿¡ Ç¥½ÃµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, µÑ ´Ù È®Á¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ±â¿øÀü 15¼¼±â·Î ¶³¾îÁ³À¸¸ç, ±× ¸¶Áö¸· ºÐ±â ÀÌÀüÀ¸·Î ÃøÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù.
¡ã ±×¸² 5. Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ¹æ»ç¼º ź¼Ò ÃøÁ¤ ¿¬´ë(Oxcal v4.2¿Í IntCal20 ±³Á¤ °î¼±À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ÃøÁ¤µÈ ¿¬´ë, Bronk Ramsey 2009; Reimer et al. 2020)(figure by L. Webster, Austrian Academy of Sciences) |
Áö³ 3³â µ¿¾È S±¸¿ªÀ» ¹ß±¼Çϸé¼, ¿ø»óÅ·Πµ¹¾Æ°£ ¿¬¼Ò ÃþÀÇ ±ä ¿¬¼ÓÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´Ü¸í ¹°ÁúÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©, ÁöÃþ S-3°ú ÁöÃþ S-2¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼¼ºÎÀûÀÌ°í źźÇÑ ¹æ»ç¼º ź¼Ò ¼¿ÀÌ Àü°³µÇ¾ú´Ù(Webster et al. 2019). º£ÀÌÁö¾È ¸ðµ¨¸µ(Bayesian modelling)Àº ÅÚ ¾Æºñºê Á¶»ç´Ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ µå·¯³ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÁöÃþ(S-3a)ÀÌ ±â¿øÀü 15¼¼±â·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ¸ç, ±âÁ¸ÀÇ »ý°¢(±â¿øÀü 14¼¼±â ÈĹÝ; Ussishkin 2004b; Yannai 2004)º¸´Ù 100³â °¡±îÀÌ ºü¸£´Ù´Â Á¡À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ±×¸²6Àº °¡Àå ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ º£ÀÌÁö¾È ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ÀûÀýÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ ¿ä¾àÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ´Â 27°³ÀÇ ÃøÁ¤¹°°ú ÁöÃþ S-2-3ÀÇ ¼ø¼öÇÑ °èÃþ ³»ºÎ¿¡ 15°³ ÀÌ»ó ¼øÂ÷ÀûÀÎ °èÃþÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. L1150¿¡ Á¦ÇÑµÈ ¿µÇâÀ» °Á¶Çϱâ À§ÇØ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ Grm-17566°ú ETH-96577À» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í, °¢°¢ÀÇ ¿¬´ë ´ë½Å, »êÃâµÈ º¯È °æ°è¼±ÀÌ Ç¥½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù(±×¸²6 Âü°í). ÁöÃþ S-3b¿Í ±ÛÀÌ ÀûÈù Åä±â Á¶°¢ÀÇ Á¤È²Àº ºñ¹®¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸Å¿ì Á¤È®ÇÑ ¸¶°¨ ½ÃÇÑ(terminus ante quem)À» Á¦°øÇÏ¿©, ±â¿øÀü 15¼¼±â Áß¹Ý(±â¿øÀü 1460-1430³â, 1σ; ±â¿øÀü 1485-1425³â, 2σ)¿¡ °¡±õµµ·Ï Á¦ÇÑÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶ ºñ¹® ÀÚü°¡ À¯·¡µÈ °èÃþÀÎ, »õ·Ó°Ô ¹ß°ßµÈ ÁöÃþ S-3c´Â ±â¿øÀü 15¼¼±â Àü¹Ý±â·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ¼ºº®°ú ºôµù100 Ãʱâ¿Í µ¿½Ã´ëÀÌ´Ù.
¡ã ±×¸² 5. Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ¹æ»ç¼º ź¼Ò ÃøÁ¤ ¿¬´ë(Oxcal v4.2¿Í IntCal20 ±³Á¤ °î¼±À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ÃøÁ¤µÈ ¿¬´ë, Bronk Ramsey 2009; Reimer et al. 2020)(figure by L. Webster, Austrian Academy of Sciences) |
ºñ¹® ³»¿ë°ú Çص¶
ºñ¹® Åä±â Á¶°¢Àº Å°ÇÁ·Î½º ÈÀÌÆ® ½½¸³¥±(Cypriote White Slip II) ¿ìÀ¯º´¿¡¼ ³ª¿Â ¾à 40×35mmÀÎ °¡ÀåÀÚ¸® Á¶°¢ÀÌ´Ù(±×¸²7; Åström 1972: 447–57). ÀÌ Áý±â´Â Èıâ ûµ¿±â¥°B(e.g. Gittlen 1981: 50–51)¿¡ óÀ½ ³ªÅ¸³µÁö¸¸, Èıâ ûµ¿±â¥±A(Artzy 2019: 342)¿¡ À¯ÇàÇß´Ù. ÅÚ ¶óÅ°½Ã¿¡¼ ÈÀÌÆ® ½½¸³¥± Áý±â´Â ÇØÀÚ ½ÅÀü¥°(Fosse temple I)¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç(Tufnell et al. 1940: 83, pl. XLIII B; Singer-Avitz 2004), ÁöÃþ S-3 ÀÌÈķδ »ó´çÇÑ ¾çÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù(Bunimovitz 2004).
¡ã ±×¸² 7. ÈÀÌÆ® ½½¸³¥± Å׵θ® Á¶°¢ÀÎ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®(figure by J. Dye, Austrian Academy of Sciences) |
Á¶°¢ Å׵θ®ÀÇ ³»ºÎ Ç¥¸é¿¡´Â £Àº À×Å©·Î ºñ½ºµëÇÏ°Ô ¾²ÀÎ ±Û¾¾°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. °¢°¢ ¼¼ ±ÛÀÚ·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø µÎ ÁÙÀÌ ÆľǵǾú´Ù. µÎ °³ÀÇ Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ±ÛÀÚ°¡ ÀÁÙÀÇ ¿À¸¥Æí°ú µÎ ¹ø° ÁÙ Áß°£¿¡ º¸ÀδÙ. ¿ì¸®°¡ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ Ã¹Â° ÁÙ(ÀÁÙ)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¹ýÀº ¿À¸¥ÂÊ¿¡¼ ¿ÞÂÊÀ¸·Î Àд °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ù ¹ø° ±ÛÀÚ´Â ÀÌÁýÆ® »óÇü¹®ÀÚ¿¡¼ ‘´«(eye)’¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ ¾ÆÀÎ(ע)À¸·Î È®ÀεȴÙ(Gardiner Sign List D4; Sass 1988: 126–27; Hamilton 2006: 180–88; Goldwasser 2016: 131–32). ·¹¹ÝÆ® ³²ºÎ¿¡¼ ³ª¿Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®µéÀÌ ±×·¯ÇϵíÀÌ, ±ÛÀÚ´Â µÕ±Ù ÇüÅÂÀÌ°í, ´«µ¿ÀÚ°¡ ¾ø´Â ȫä¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù. µÎ ¹ø° ±ÛÀÚ´Â ÀÌÁýÆ® »óÇü¹®ÀÚ ‘Áý(house)’¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ º£Æ®(ב)·Î È®ÀεȴÙ(Gardiner Sign List O1; Sass 1988: 111–12; Hamilton 2006: 38–52; Goldwasser 2016: 129). ÀÌ ±ÛÀÚ´Â ÇÑÂÊ ¸ð¼¸®°¡ ¿¸° Á÷»ç°¢Çü ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼ ¹ø° ±ÛÀÚ´Â ÀÌÁýÆ® »óÇü¹®ÀÚ ‘¹®(door)’¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ ´Þ·¿(ד)À¸·Î ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(Gardiner Sign List O31; Hamilton 2006: 61–75; Goldwasser 2016: 129). µû¶ó¼ ÀÌ ÁÙÀº ‘³ë¿¹’¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â עבד·Î Àб⸦ Á¦¾ÈÇÏÁö¸¸, °³ÀÎ À̸§ÀÇ ÀϺÎÀÏ °¡´É¼ºµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¼À¾î±º¿¡¼ À̸§¿¡ ‘bd(³ë¿¹)¶ó´Â ¿ä¼Ò°¡ µé¾î°¡´Â ÀÏÀº ¸Å¿ì ÀϹÝÀûÀε¥, º¸Åë ½Å¿¡°Ô À̸§À» ¹Þ´Â(theophoric, ½ÅÀÇ À̸§°ú °ü·ÃµÈ) ÇöÁö ½Å¾Ó ¿ä¼ÒÀÌ´Ù(e.g. Tigay 1986; Golub 2020).
µÎ ¹ø° ÁÙ¿¡ ´ëÇØ Á¦ÇÑÇÏ´Â µ¶¹ý ¿ª½Ã ¿À¸¥ÂÊ¿¡¼ ¿ÞÂÊÀ¸·Î Àд °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ù ¹ø° ±ÛÀÚ´Â ÀÌÁýÆ® »óÇü¹®ÀÚ ‘»Ô¹ì(horned viper)’À̳ª ‘ÄÚºê¶ó(cobra)’¿¡¼ À¯·¡ÇÑ ´«(נ)À¸·Î È®ÀεȴÙ(Gardiner Sign List I9 and I10; Sass 1988: 125–26; Hamilton 2006: 154–71; Goldwasser 2016: 131). ÀÌ ±ÛÀÚ´Â ¶Ç ù ÁÙ°ú µÎ ¹ø° ÁÙ »çÀÌ¿¡¼¿Í ù ÁÙÀÇ ¿À¸¥ÂÊ¿¡¼µµ È®ÀεȴÙ. µÎ ¹ø° ±ÛÀÚ´Â Æä(פ)·Î È®ÀεȴÙ. ÀÌ ±ÛÀÚ°¡ ¾îµð¿¡¼ À¯·¡µÇ¾ú´ÂÁö ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ È®½ÅÇÒ ¼ø ¾øÁö¸¸, ‘¸ð¼¸®(corner)’¸¦ ¶æÇÏ´Â »óÇü¹®ÀÚ(Gardiner Sign List O38)°¡ Á¦¾ÈµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù(Sass 1988: 128; Hamilton 2006: 188–96). °ñµå¹Ù¼(O. Goldwasser, 2016: 132)´Â ÀÌ ±âÈ£°¡ ½Ã³ªÀÌ¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ Áß¿Õ±¹ ºñ¹®µé ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÀϹÝÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϸç, ´ë½Å °ÇÃà µµ±¸¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ±âÈ£¶ó°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù(Goldwasser 2016: 132). ¼¼ ¹ø° ±ÛÀڴ Ÿºê(ת)·Î È®Àεǰí ÀÌ ±ÛÀÚ ¿ª½Ã ±ÛÀÚÀÇ ±âÃÊ°¡ µÇ´Â ±âÈ£°¡ ºÒºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â »óÇü¹®ÀÚ ‘±³Â÷ÆÇ’(Gardiner Sign List Z11; Hamilton 2006: 246–53)À¸·Î º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ¸î¸î ÇÐÀÚµéÀº µ¶ÀÚÀûÀÎ ±â¿øÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù(Sass 1988: 133; Goldwasser 2016: 134). µû¶ó¼ µÎ ¹ø° ÁÙÀº נפת·Î Àб⸦ Á¦¾ÈÇϴµ¥, ÀÌ´Â È÷ºê¸®¾î·Î ‘²Ü’À̳ª ‘°úÀÏÁó’À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸¾à À̸¦ ¿ÞÂÊ¿¡¼ ¿À¸¥ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÀÐ¾î¼ תפנÀÌ µÈ´Ù¸é, ÀÌ ´Ü¾î´Â פני(µ¹´Ù)¸¦ ¾î±ÙÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â µ¿»ç°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ȤÀº ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº À̸§ÀÇ ÀϺÎÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
À¯ÇüÇÐÀû °üÁ¡¿¡¼ º¸¾ÒÀ» ¶§, ´«µ¿ÀÚ°¡ ¾ø´Â µÕ±Ù ÇüÅÂÀÇ ´«°ú »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ß´ÞÇÑ ±ÛÀÚ Æä·Î ÀÎÇØ ÁÖÀåµÇµíÀÌ, ÀÌ ±ÛÀÚµéÀº ¼¼¶óºø ¿¤-Ä«µõ¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ ºñ¹®µéÀÇ ±ÛÀڵ麸´Ù ÈÄ´ëÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ºñ¹®ÀÇ ±ÛÀÚµéÀº ¶óÅ°½Ã ¹°º´(Lachish Ewer, ¾Æ·¡¸¦ Âü°í)°ú °°Àº Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÈĹÝÀÇ ±ÛÀڵ麸´Ù´Â »¡¶ó º¸ÀδÙ. µû¶ó¼ Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ ½Ã±â°¡ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸À̸ç, ÀÌ´Â À§¿¡¼ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¹æ»ç¼º ź¼Ò ÃøÁ¤ ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÇØ µÞ¹ÞħµÈ´Ù.
¿ª»çÀû »óȲ
ÅÚ ¶óÅ°½Ã¿¡¼ »õ·Ó°Ô ¹ß°ßµÈ ºñ¹®Àº ÇöÀç·Î¼ ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ® Áö¿ª¿¡¼ È®½ÅÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ ¿¬´ë°¡ ÃßÁ¤µÈ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ »ç·ÊÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹ß°ßÀÇ Á߿伺À» °¡´ÆÇϱâ À§ÇØ Àá½Ã ÀÌ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ ´Ù¸¥ ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª »ç·Ê¸¦ °ËÅäÇÑ´Ù.
°¡Àå ÃÖÃÊÀÇ »ç·Ê·Î ³íÀïÀÌ µÇ´Â °æÀïÀÚ´Â À̽º¸£¿¤ °è°î(Jezreel Valley)¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ÅÚ ¾ÆºÎ ÁÖ·¹ÀÌÅ©(Tell Abu Zureiq)¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ ½ºÄ«¶óºê(scarab, dzµÀÌ ¸ð¾çÀ» µý ºÎÀû)ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶À̾îÈ£ÇÁ(E. L. Meyerhof, 1989)°¡ ¹ß±¼ÇÑ Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¹«´ý¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ ÀÌ ½ºÄ«¶óºê´Â Á¦13¿ÕÁ¶¿¡¼ Á¦15¿ÕÁ¶ ½Ã´ë·Î ¿¬´ë°¡ ÃßÁ¤µÈ´Ù(Giveon 1988: 22; Keel 1997: 17). ÀÌ°ÍÀÇ ¹ÙÅÁ¿¡´Â ÇÑ ³²¼º°ú ³× °³ÀÇ ±âÈ£°¡ ±×·ÁÁ® Àִµ¥, ±âºê¿Â(R. Giveon, 1988: 22)Àº º»·¡ ÀÌÁýÆ® »óÇü¹®ÀÚ·Î Çؼ®Çß¾ú´Ù. Å°Ä£(K. A. Kitchen, 1989)Àº ÀÌ ±âÈ£µéÀÌ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ±ÛÀÚ·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ÀÌ Çؼ®Àº ų(O. Keel, 1997: 16-17)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ÅºÎµÇ¾ú´Ù°¡ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¸ð·»Áî(L. D. Morenz, 2011: 164-65)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁöÁö¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®Àº ³í¶õÀÌ ¸¹Àº ¶óÅ°½Ã ´Ü°Ë(Lachish Dagger)À¸·Î, 1934³â ¿µ±¹ Á¶»ç´Ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹«´ý 1502¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÈĹÝÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÈ´Ù(Tufnell 1958: 254). ÀÌ Ã»µ¿ ´Ü°ËÀº ³× °³ÀÇ ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ±âÈ£µéÀ» º¸¿©Áִµ¥(Tufnell 1958: 128; Sass 1988: 53–54; Hamilton 2006: 390–91), ´ëºÎºÐ ÇÐÀÚ°¡ ÀÌ Çؼ®À» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀδÙ(e.g. Albright 1948, 1969: 10; Naveh 1987: 26; Hamilton 2006: 303–4; Goldwasser 2006: 132, 2016: 140–42; Morenz 2011: 170–71; Lemaire 2017: 106; Haring 2020: 59). 1988³â »ç½º´Â ÀÌ ºñ¹®ÀÌ Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë·Î È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô ÃßÁ¤µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁöÀûÇϸé¼, ÀÌ ºñ¹®Àº ¾Æ¸¶ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺªÀ̶ó´Â Á¡¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇß´Ù(Sass 1988: 54). ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÈÄ ±×´Â ´õ¿í ½ÅÁßÇØÁ³°í, °á±¹¿¡´Â ÀÌ ±âÈ£µéÀÌ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺªÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù(Sass 2004–2005: 150).
Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ´Â ¼¼ ¹ø° »ç·Ê´Â ¼ÒÀ§ ‘°Ô¼¿ Á¶°¢(Gezer Sherd)’À̶ó ºÒ¸°´Ù. ¼¼ °³ÀÇ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ±ÛÀÚ°¡ º¸ÀÌ´Â ÀÌ Åä±â Á¶°¢Àº 1929³â ÅÚ °Ô¼¿(Tel Gezer) Ç¥¸é¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù(Albright 1935). ÀÌ°ÍÀº °ð Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥(Albright 1935), ÀÌ´Â ¸¹Àº ÇÐÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¼ö¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù(e.g. Albright 1969: 10; Naveh 1987: 26; Hamilton 2006: 308–309; Morenz 2011: 166; Goldwasser 2016: 143). ±×·¯³ª »ç½º´Â Á¶±Ý ´õ ½ÅÁßÇÏ°Ô Á¢±ÙÇÏ¿©, Åä±â Á¶°¢ÀÌ À¯ÇüÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀÇ ¿¬´ë´Â Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë¿¡¼ Ãʱâ ö±â ½Ã´ë¿¡±îÁö À̸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù(Sass 1988: 55). ÀÌÈÄ ±×´Â °Ô¼¿ Á¶°¢Àº ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¬´ë¸¦ ÆľÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í °á·ÐÁö¾ú´Ù(Sass 2004–2005: 149).
ÅÚ °Ô¼¿¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ ÀúÀå ¿ë±â ±ºÁý¿¡ »õ°ÜÁø ¸î¸î ±ÛÀÚµµ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ·Î Çؼ®µÇ¾ú´Ù(Seger 1983, 2013: 186–96; Goldwasser 2016: 142–43). ÀÌ ¿ë±âµéÀº ³²¹® ±¸¿ª(Çʵ女) ¿·¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀúÀå°í¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú°í, ÁöÃþ ¥¹¥·(Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÃʹÝ)°ú ÁöÃþ¥¹¥¸(Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÈĹÝ)°ú ¿¬°áµÈ´Ù(Seger 2013). ´ëºÎºÐ ¿ë±â¿¡´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ±âÈ£°¡ »õ°ÜÁ³°í, ´Ü µÎ °³ÀÇ ¿ë±â¿¡¸¸ °¢°¢ µÎ °³ÀÇ ±âÈ£°¡ ÀûÇôÀÖ´Ù. »ç½º(1988: 98)´Â Àá½Ã ÀÌ °Ô¼¿ ¿ë±âµéÀ» Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚÀÇ »ç·Ê·Î ¾ð±ÞÇßÀ¸³ª, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ±×Àú Åä±âÀåÀÌÀÇ Ç¥½ÄÀÏ »ÓÀ̶ó°í ÀçÇؼ®ÇÏ¿´´Ù(Sass 2004–2005: 166, footnote 97).
¼¼°×¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ ¸íÆÇ Á¶°¢Àº ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ®¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®µéÀÇ ¹®ÀÚ À¯Àûµé(corpus) ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÀÚÁÖ ¾ð±ÞµÈ´Ù(Böhl 1938). ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹ßÇ¥µé¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ÀÌ À¯¹°Àº Áß±â ûµ¿±â °ÇÃ๰ ¹Ù´Ú ¹Ù·Î À§¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, µ¿½Ã´ëÀÎ ÅÚ ¿¤-¾ßÈĵð¾ß(Tell el-Yahudiyah) µµÀÚ±â¿Í À¯ÇüÀ» °°ÀÌÇÑ´Ù(Böhl 1938: 2). ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¿À·§µ¿¾È ÀÌ ¸íÆÇÀÇ ¿¬´ë¸¦ Áß±â ûµ¿±â ¶Ç´Â Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÃʹÝÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Âµ¥(Albright 1948, 1969: 10–11; Leibovitch 1963; Wimmer 2001; Hamilton 2006: 308), ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¼®ºñÀÇ ¿ìÃø ÇϴܺηΠº¸À̸ç, ¿ÞÂÊÀ» ¹Ù¶óº¸°í ÀÖ´Â µÎ²¨¿î ÀǺ¹(‘Wulstsaummantel’)À» ÀÔÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀǺ¹Àº Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ À¯ÇüÀÌ´Ù(Wimmer 2001). ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¸íÆÇÀÇ °í°íÇÐÀûÀÎ ¹è°æÀº Àǹ®À» ¸¸µå´Âµ¥, Ãʱ⠹߱¼ ±â¼úÀÌ °¡Áø Á¦ÇÑµÈ ÁöÃþ Á¦¾î¿Í ÃÖÁ¾ ¹ß±¼ º¸°í¼ÀÇ °á¼Õ ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù(Sass 1988: 57). ±× ±ÛÀÚµéÀÌ °¡Áø Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¼Ó¼ºµµ ¿ª½Ã Àǹ®ÀÌ Á¦±âµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù(Sass 2004–2005: 149–50).
±×·¯³ª ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ³íÀïÀÌ µÈ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®Àº 1960³â´ë ÅÚ ³ª±æ¶ó(Tel Nagila)¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼Ò¼º(±Á±â) Àü¿¡ ±ÛÀÚ°¡ »õ°ÜÁø Ç׾Ƹ® ¸öÅë Á¶°¢ÀÌ ÀÌ°÷ A±¸¿ª¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ °ÅÁÖ±¸¿ªÀº ÀáÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ¸»À̳ª Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÃʹÝÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÈ´Ù(Amiran & Eitan 1965: 121). ±×·¯³ª »ç½º(1988: 54)´Â °ð ÀÌ Åä±â Á¶°¢¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ÁöÃþ Á¤È²ÀÌ °á¿©µÇ¾úÀ½À» °Á¶ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ »ç½º´Â, ÀÌ ºñ¹®ÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÈ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë °ÇÃ๰ÀÌ Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÁöÃþÀ» ¹æÇØÇÑ´Ù°í °üÂûÇÑ µ¥À̺ñµå À϶õ(David Ilan)À» ÀοëÇϸé¼, ÅÚ ³ª±æ¶ó Åä±â Á¶°¢Àº “ÃþÀ» °®ÃßÁö ¸øÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇØ¾ß Çϸç, LB¥± ±â¿øÀº ¹Ï±â ¾î·ÆÁö ¾Ê´Ù”¶ó°í °á·ÐÁö¾ú´Ù(Sass 2004–2005: 159).
µû¶ó¼ ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ®¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚÀÇ ÃÖÃÊ ¹ß»ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áõ°Å´Â ¿¬´ë ÃßÁ¤°ú Çؼ®ÀÌ ¸ðÈ£Çѵ¥, Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë·Î ¿¬´ë¸¦ Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸íÈ®ÇÑ °í°íÇÐÀû Á¤È²¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ ¶óÅ°½Ã ´Ü°Ë(Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺªÀÌ ¼ö¿ëµÉ °æ¿ì)¸¸ÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÅÚ ¶óÅ°½Ã¿¡¼ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹® ¹ß°ßÀº È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô ÃßÁ¤ °¡´ÉÇÑ ÃÖÃÊ ¹ß»ý ¿¬´ë¸¦ »ó´çÈ÷ ¹Ì·ç¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®´Â Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ°¡ ±â¿øÀü 15¼¼±â Áß¹Ý(Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÃʹÝ)¿¡ ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ®¿¡¼ äÅõǾúÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Áõ°Å´Â »óºÎ ÀÌÁýÆ®¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ ¼¼¶óºñÆ® ¿¤-Ä«µõ°ú ¿Íµð ¿¤-Ȧ ÁÖº¯ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®µéÀÇ ¹ßÀü°ú Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÈÄ¹Ý ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ® Áö¿ª¿¡ ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ´õ ³Ð°Ô ÆÛÁ® »ç¿ëµÈ Á¡ »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ø¹éÀ» ä¿öÁÙ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ°¡ Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë(ÈĹÝ)¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ® Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®Àº ¶ÇÇÑ Ãʱ⠹®ÀÚÀÇ Áß½ÉÁö·Î¼ ÅÚ ¶óÅ°½ÃÀÇ Á߿伺À» °Á¶ÇÑ´Ù(Goldwasser 2016: 151; Naʾaman 2020). °Ô´Ù°¡ ¶óÅ°½Ã´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °÷º¸´Ù Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®ÀÇ ´õ ¸¹Àº »ç·Ê¸¦ ³»³õ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶óÅ°½Ã ´Ü°Ë°ú ¿©±â¿¡¼ ³íÀÇµÈ »õ·Î¿î ºñ¹® ¿Ü¿¡µµ ÀÌ°÷¿¡¼´Â ³× °³ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ »ç·ÊµéÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. 1935³â ¿µ±¹ Á¶»ç´ÜÀº ¹«´ý 527¿¡¼ ±ÛÀÚ°¡ ±×·ÁÁø ±×¸©(¶óÅ°½Ã ±×¸© 1)À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù(Tufnell 1958: 129). ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ ¹«´ý¿¡¼´Â Å°ÇÁ·Î½º½Ä °í¸®¥±(Cypriot Base Ring II) ÁÖÀüÀÚ¿Í ¹ÌÄÉ³×½Ä ¿øÅëÇü Ç׾Ƹ®(alabastron)ÀÇ ÇöÁö ¸ðÁ¶Ç°µµ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù(Tufnell 1958: 239). ÅÍÇÁ³Ú(O. Tufnell, 1958: 129)Àº ÀÌ ¹«´ýÀÌ ÇØÀÚ ½ÅÀü¥±(Fosse temple II) Èı⳪ ÇØÀÚ ½ÅÀü¥²(Fosse temple ¥²) Ãʱâ¿Í °°Àº ½Ã±âÀÏ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°å°í, ¾ð´ö À§ÀÇ ÁöÃþ¥¶°ú °°Àº ½Ã±â(¶Ç´Â Á¶±Ý À̸¥ ½Ã±â)·Î º¸¾Ò´Ù. Àý´ëÀûÀÎ ±âÁØ¿¡¼ À̶§´Â ±â¿øÀü 14¼¼±â³ª 13¼¼±â·Î ÃßÁ¤µÈ´Ù(Ussishkin 2004b: 57). ÇØÀÚ ½ÅÀü¥²¿¡¼ ¿µ±¹ Á¶»ç´ÜÀº Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¶óÅ°½Ã ¹°º´(Lachish Ewer)À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ÀÌ°Í¿¡´Â Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ±ÛÀÚ°¡ ±×·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù(Tufnell et al. 1940: 47–54; Tuffnell 1958: 130). ÇØÀÚ ½ÅÀü¥²Àº ¾ð´ö À§ÀÇ ÁöÃþ¥¶¿¡ »óÀÀÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±× ¹°º´ÀÇ ¿¬´ë´Â ´ë·« ±â¿øÀü 13¼¼±â·Î ÃßÁ¤µÈ´Ù(Ussishkin 2004b: 57).
µÎ °³ÀÇ °ðÀº ±ÛÀÚ ÁÙ·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ °ËÀº À×Å© ºñ¹®À» Áö´Ñ ±×¸© Á¶°¢ÀÌ ÅÚ ¾Æºñºê ¹ß±¼´Ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ S±¸¿ª, ±¸µ¢ÀÌ 3867¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù(Lemaire 2004). ÀÌ ±¸µ¢ÀÌ´Â ÁöÃþ¥µ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ¸ç ±â¿øÀü 12¼¼±â·Î ÃßÁ¤µÈ´Ù(Ussishkin 2004b: 57). ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î, ÁöÃþ¥µ¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ºñ¹®Àº ¼Ò¼º Àü¿¡ ¸î¸î ±ÛÀÚ°¡ »õ°ÜÁø µµÀÚ±â Á¶°¢À¸·Î, ¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÇ È÷ºê¸® ´ëÇÐ(Hebrew University)°ú ¼´ø ¾îµåº¥Æ¼½ºÆ® ´ëÇÐ(Southern Adventist University) ÆÀÀÇ ÃÖ±Ù ¹ß±¼À» ÅëÇØ BB±¸¿ª¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë »ç¿ø ³»ºÎ¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù(Sass et al. 2015).
°á·Ð
º¥ Çϸµ(Ben Haring, 2020: 62)Àº ÃÖ±Ù Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚÀÇ »ó´ç¼ö »ç·Ê¿¡ ´ëÇØ “¸íÈ®ÇÑ ¿¬´ë°¡ °á¿©” µÇ¾ú°í, µû¶ó¼ ÀÌ·± ¹®ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ±â¿øÀü 13¼¼±â·Î Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´ø ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌÇØ´Â ÀÌÈķδ Á¦Çѵȴٰí ÁöÀûÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÅÚ ¶óÅ°½Ã¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ »õ·Î¿î Åä±â Á¶°¢µé(ostracon)Àº Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÈÄ¹Ý ¶óÅ°½Ã ´Ü°ËÀÇ ÀáÀçÀû Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ¿Í Èıâ ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÈÄ¹Ý °èÃþ¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ ¹®ÀÚ À¯¹°µé »çÀÌÀÇ °ø¹éÀ» ä¿î´Ù.
Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺªÀº ±â¿øÀü 18¼¼±â Áß¿Õ±¹ ½Ã±â¿¡ ½Ã³ªÀÌ¿¡¼ ¼¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÎ(°¡³ª¾ÈÀÎ) ±¤ºÎµé°ú ¿¬°èµÇ¾î ¹ßÀüÇÏ¿´´Ù(¶Ç´Â ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ±×µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù). ¿ì¸®´Â Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ°¡ Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë ÈĹݿ¡ ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ® Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ÆÛÁ®³ª°¬À¸¸ç(¾Æ¸¶µµ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °ËÁõµÈ Áõ°ÅÀÎ ¶óÅ°½Ã ´Ü°Ë°ú ÇÔ²²), ÅÚ ¶óÅ°½Ã Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ±â¿øÀü 15¼¼±â Á߹ݿ¡´Â »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ½À» Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ® Áö¿ªÀ¸·ÎÀÇ È®»êÀº ¾Æ¸¶ Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë(ÈĹÝ)¿Í ¼¾Æ½Ã¾Æ Ãâ½Å ¿ÕÁ¶(Èø¼Ò½º)°¡ ÀÌÁýÆ® ºÏºÎ Áö¿ªÀ» ÅëÄ¡Çß´ø ÀÌÁýÆ® Á¦2Áß°£±â¿¡ ÀϾÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÅÚ ¶óÅ°½Ã¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ »õ·Î¿î ¾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®Àº ³ªÀÏ »ï°¢ÁÖ(Nile Delta)¸¦ Èø¼Ò½º°¡ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ´ø ½Ã±â¿¡ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺªÀÇ È®»ê ¹è°æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ý»ýÇÑ Áõ°Å¿Í ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ®ÀÇ Áß±â ûµ¿±â ½Ã´ë µµ½Ã ±¹°¡¿ÍÀÇ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ °°Àº ¿¬°áÁ¡À» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù(cf. Lemaire 2017). ´õ¿íÀÌ »õ·Î¿î Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ºñ¹®ÀÇ ¿¬´ë´Â ÅÚ ¶óÅ°½Ã¿¡¼ ÃÖÃÊ·Î Áõ¸íµÈ ÀÌÁýÆ® ¹®ÀÚ°¡ º¸ÀÎ ½Ã±â¿Í(Sweeney 2004: 1610–11), ¾Æ¸àÈ£ÅÜ2¼¼(AmenhotepII, ±â¿øÀü 1427–1401³â°æ) ÅëÄ¡ ½Ã±â ÀÌÁýÆ® ÀÚ·á¿¡¼ ¶óÅ°½Ã°¡ óÀ½ ¾ð±ÞµÈ ½Ã±â±îÁö °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°£´Ù(Papyrus Hermitage 1116A; Epstein 1963; Webster et al. 2019). ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®´Â ³²ºÎ ·¹¹ÝÆ®¿¡¼ Ãʱ⠾ËÆĺª ¹®ÀÚ°¡ Á¦19, Á¦20¿ÕÁ¶ ½Ã±â(±â¿øÀü 13-12¼¼±â) ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÎÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¿Í ÀÌÁýÆ® ¹®ÀÚÀÇ È°¾à±â¿Í °ü°è¾øÀÌ ÈξÀ Àü¿¡ ¹ß´ÞÇßÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(contra Naʾaman 2020).
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