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ְ : ̽ ũϸƮ (1)ä 塯(ͯؿ, ⵶ б) 32
ä( ѽŴ ) | 2024.09.09 02:39

ȳϼ, ä ‘’Դϴ.

ð 츮 ߼ ݶ 丶 (Thomas Aquinas, 1224/1225?-1274) ߽ ýϴ. 14 ׾߸ ݵ ô뿴ϴ. 纴, Ȳǰ Ȳ Ȳ Ƿ¾ȭ, ȸ ߶, Ƿ ȭ , ׻󽺿 ٴ ڿ ν ̾ Ϸ ǵ ߼ ı ȸ ٺ ұ .

̿ Բ ݶ е Ҹ µ, ð 帰 ó ݶ Ҹ꿡 ϳ ź ̾ϴ.

 ǹ̿ źǴ ݶ Ҹ꿡 ⿩ߴ°?

14 ź Ư¡ ȸ žü Ű 踦 ϸ鼭, ڶ ߰ Ű Ͽ ݴ ̾ϴ. ؼ ܼ ƴ϶ ϰ, Ű ΰ ü ϸ鼭, ΰ 鿡 ϴ ż ߰Ϸ ź Ư¡Դϴ.

źǴ Ű Ű ߱Ѵٴ ȸ ߽ ǿ ū Ǿϴ. ü ô뿡 źǰ ¸ ޸ϸ鼭 ߽ϴ. ѱȸ ü ߱ϴ źǿ ͵ ѱȸ ǿ ŵ Ȥ ߱ õ ˴ϴ.

13 ߿ 14⿡ ̸ , źڵ ߽ϴ. θ ƿ(Mechthild von Magdeburg, 1210-1280)(1), ״ ϵ(Hedewijch, 1260 )(2), ź Ÿ Ʈ(Gertrudis, 1256-1302)(3), ״ ̴ũȸ ź 򽺺p(Jan van Ruusbroec), ׸ ̽ ũϸƮ(Meister von Eckhart, 1260-1328) ε,  ι ũϸƮϴ.

ָؾ տ źڵε, ȸ ȿ Ư ź ȸ , ȸ ȸ ޴ Ȳ źڵ Ÿ Դϴ. źǰ Ư õǾ Ÿ ʴ ׸, 7 ̽ ź, 14 ź, ѱȸ ʱ ⵵  ڵ Ÿ ƶ մ ִ ϴ.

ָҸ źڵ ׷ ٸ ȸ Ұϱ, ̽ ũϸƮ 캸ڽϴ.

ũϸƮ  Ͽ

ũϸƮ  ؼ ˷ ϴ. ź⵵ ߿ ̳ ñ⵵ Ȯϰ ϴ. ũϸƮ 1260 ߺ Ÿ(Gotha) ׸ Ƣ(Thueringen) ȣ(Hochheim) Ŀ ¾ ˷ϴ.(4)

ũϸƮ 15(1275?) ̿ ǪƮ(Erfurt) ִ ȸ ̴ȸ  ˴ϴ.(5) ȸ ũϸƮ 1Ⱓ ⸦ ġ ȸ 2 ȸ Ģ ʸ 鼭 ƾ, , ʱ Ʒ ޾ Դϴ.(6)

̴ȸ 3 ʱ ģ ũϸƮ 縦 1300 (40?) ߽ ĸ п ִ ũ б ϴ. ̴ȸ ϸ 3 ʱ ġ 5 ö 3 ޵ Ǿ ־ϴ.(7)  ĸ ̽ ö ƺο(̺ õ, 1126-1198)(8) Ű Ƹڷ ö ߼ а ö ֵ ö ö üϴ ο ö λϰ ־ϴ.(9)

ũϸƮ 2 1302(42?) ĸ кο ̽, ڰ ް к ̴ȸ ϰ ˴ϴ.(10) ̴ ũϸƮ й о߿ ִ ְ ޾Ҵٴ ǹմϴ. Ĵ ׸ ‘̽ ũϸƮ’ θ ͵, й 븦 ϰ ־ Դϴ. ‘̽’(meister) ƾ ‘׸’(magister, ) ߼ Ͼ Դϴ.(11)

׷ ũϸƮ ĸ ü ʾҽϴ. 1303(43) ϳ ̴ȸ ۼҴϾ ƩϾ ҵʿ ũϸƮ 47 ۼҴϾ Ǿ 1311 մϴ. ñ⿡ ״ 3 ż߰, 1307(47) ̴ȸ 븮ڷμ ̾ ϴ Ͽ ϰ ˴ϴ. 츮 ũϸƮ ź 󰡸 ƴ϶ ſ Ȱ̰ Ź ι̾ٴ ǿ ˴ϴ.(12)

1310(50?) ȸ ȸ ũϸƮ ĸ ӸϿ ° ĸ İմϴ. װ ̴ȸ ġȸ ÷ 迡 ־ ̴ȸ ϰ γ ڿ ũϸƮ ĸ .(13)  ̳ ĸ ̴ȸ 丶 ȴ ε, ũϸƮ ׷ μ ƴ϶ ڷμ ũϸƮ Ƿ° ٽ شٰ ϰڽϴ.(14)

1314(54?) ũϸƮ ź ߽ Ʈ󽺺θ ̴ 븮 մϴ. ñ ũϸƮ ̴ȸ Ҽ ϰ ü̳ Ϲ ŵ ϴ ڷμ, Ȥ ڷμ ũ ƽϴ. ‘ ΰ Ͽ’ Ͽ Ͼ κ ̷ ˴ϴ.(15)

1323(63) ũϸƮ Ѱ ȸ ũϸƮ 븥 ִ б ñϴ. ׷ ⼭ ũϸƮ Ĩϴ.(16) 븥 ֱ θ 񸣳׺θũ(Heinrich von Virneburg, 1304-1332 ) 1326(66?), ũϸƮ ߿ Ͼ ϸ鼭 žӿ ħ ȮŰ ִٴ ̴ ɹ ߱ Դϴ.(17)  񸣳׺θũ ֱ θ ִ ̴ , Ư (Beguines)(18)̳ (Beghards)(19), ׸ ̸ ‘ ’(20) ܼϴ ̾ϴ.(21)

̴ ũϸƮ ƾ ǰ, å(22), Ͼ ǰ  ̴ ǰ ִ 49׸ ũϸƮ Ͽ ǥ ϵ ߽ϴ. ׸ 2 Ͼ 59 ׸ ǥ ϰ ߽ϴ.(23)

ũϸƮ ϰ ׸ ϳϳ ϸ鼭 ڽ ϴ.(24) ̴̶ ٴ ̸ ڱⰡ ̴ ٰ ׺, ֱ Ȳ ǰ ǰ ִ ׵ ũϸƮ ظ Բ ƺ ϴ.(25) ׷ Ҽ , ũϸƮ 1327(67?) 1 24 ݹ ۼ ƺ Ȳû ׼մϴ.(26)

׸ Ȳ ȣϱ ũϸƮ ̴ȸ ȸ Բ ƺ մϴ. ũϸƮ ƺ񴨿 ̴ ɹ ޱ ҷ ġȸ ȸ öл翡 (٣) öڷ ģ (William of Ockham, 1287-1347) Բ ǰ ٷȽϴ. ׷ ḻ ä ũϸƮ 1328(128), ̿ մϴ.(27)

׷ 1329, ׷ϱ ũϸƮ ̹ ڿ ̴ 28 ׸ ũϸƮ ̴ Ǹ ϰ,  17׸ ̴̰ 11 ̴ ǰ ִ ǰϸ鼭, ׸ ȮŰ ̴ڷ Ѵٰ մϴ. ũϸƮ Ŀ ̴ ˵ .(28) Ȳ 22 ǥ ‘ִ 翡’(In agro dominico) ǰṮ, ũϸƮ ‘ڽ ˾ƾ ϴ ̻ ˰ Ͽ ȸ 翡 ø ϳ’ մϴ.(29)

ũϸƮ , ħ Ų ־ٴ Ŵ ϴ. ¼ ̴ ˵ǰ, ħ ϴ ̴ ˵ ־ Դϴ. ׷ ұϰ ũϸƮ ź ʰ  (Henricus Suso, 1295?-1366)(30) ѳ׽ Ÿ﷯(Johannes Tauler, 1300-1361)(31), ׸ ̽ũ(Jan van Ruysbroeck, 1293-1381) ̸ ״ źڵ ̾, а öп ƽϴ.(32)

ũϸƮ 뼺

ũϸƮ , źǿ 򰡿 츮 ô븦 ǹ̴ 鿡 õǾϴ.  (1943-2023)(33) 򰡸 ҰϷ մϴ.

ù°, ̰ ׸ Ű ο ̻ ǿ ũϸƮ Ű ο ɼ ִ Ϳ ָմϴ. ׸ Ű ϸ â̸ ʿ μ Ű ̸ ġ ν, Ű ڿ ϰ, ڿ ΰ ̼ 踦 ߴٰ մϴ. ̷ ǿ ϴ 信 ٺ ȭ ־ Ѵٰ ϴ ũϸƮ (34), ٸ Ű ϴ ũϸƮԼ Ǹ ã .

ũϸƮ ǰ ִ , ¿͵ մϴ. ΰ ż ̷κ ϰ, ׸ ȯϴ â ϸ鼭, Ű ΰ ٿ ġ .(35)

ΰ Ű Ѱ踦 մϴ. ΰ Ű ΰ ΰݼ ΰ ġ鿡 ̿ 㺸 ִ ǹ̵ , ΰ ϳ ѵ ΰ ϴ ġ 䵵 Դϴ.(36) ׷ ΰ ΰ ڽ ̱ ޼ϱ 輺 öϰ ǽ ũϸƮϴ. ΰ θ , 츮 ٿ Ÿ ϰ ϶ ũϸƮ մϴ. ũϸƮ ſ ΰ ۿ ϸ, ̸ Ǵ ü ϰ Ѹ ΰ ̱ оϴ. ƹٴ , κ Ӱ ޶ ⵵ ٷ ̷ ִٴ Դϴ.(37)

ũϸƮ ٶ ΰ ۿ ϴ Ÿڷμ , , ʿ信 ϰ ִ ƴ϶ ڽ μ , , ڽź , ƴ ھƷμ Դϴ.(38)

°, ũϸƮ ұ ׸ ſ ִ Ѵٰ մϴ. Ư ұ ׸ ִ ϰ Ǹ Űڰ ִٰ ϴ.(39) δ Ż ϸ ȣϴ ũϸƮ , ϴ , ϰ ϴ ũϸƮ ſ () Ҽ() ϴ ұ, ο ٶ ũϸƮ , ߱ϴ ұ, 彺 к ΰ ũϸƮ (), () ȣϴ 糪 (, ?-866) ٴ Դϴ.(40)  ư ũϸƮ ұ ƴ϶, ִٰ մϴ.(41)

ȭ Ŵ޷ ũ ȭϰ dzο ϴ ູ ϸ鼭 ǿ ѱ ⵶ ȭ ؼ Ż Ȥ ʿ̶ θ õ ũϸƮ Ͱ ƾ Ѵٰ մϴ. ڽſ ϴԸ ƹ ö , ̴ Ϳ ־ ʴ ִ ѱ ⵶ ȣҷ° ٰ´ٴ Դϴ.(42)

׷ ũϸƮ ̸ B. ũϴ ũϸƮ Ư  ſ ͵ ִٴ ϸ鼭, ũϸƮ Ȱ ġ, ȸ ȭ ȭ ƴٸ, װ װ ϴ ̿, Ǵ װ ǵ ̿, Ǵ ߻ մϴ.(43

ȸ õ ũϸƮ ϳ ƴ϶ . źü ҵ鿡 ұϰ ũϸƮ ȸ ڿϴ. ״ ȸ ǽ̳  ʾҰ, ġ ƹ ص Ƿ ʾҽϴ.(44)

׸ ũϸƮ ƾ ƴ϶ Ͼ ȸ ȸ ϴ ŵ ûߵ鿡Ա ϰ, ϰ ʾҴٴ ǽ ϴ. ׷ ̰ ݵ ׷ ũϸƮ ڿٰų(45), ߿ ȸ ־ ̶ ϰ Ǵؼ ȴ(46) ɽ ũϴ մϴ.

׷ϴ. 󰡵 װ Ҵ ô ƶ 򰡵Ǿ մϴ. ũϸƮ ߼ ôŰ ̴ ɹ̶ Ȳ ľϰ ؾ մϴ. ׷ Ѱ迡 ұϰ, ũϸƮ ҵ õ , ߱Ǵ ̰ ȴٴ иմϴ.

(1) ƿ(1210-1280), ׵ȸ . Ͼ ź ü ϰ, Ÿ ȸ ڵ Ͽ ޾. ׳ źǴ Ұϰ ϸ н ü ƴ϶, ڽ 鿡 ã, 󿡼 ϴ ƴ϶ ȿ ع ǹѴ. ȸǷ¿ ͸ ƴ϶, Ű . ź , ‘ϴԿԼ 귯 ’ å .
(2) ϵ(1260?-?), ״ ź. ŵ ȸ ȸ Ҽ̾ ϵ ״ ź ۰  .
(3) Ʈ(1256-1302), ׵ȸ , ź, . й ϴ 1280 ص 뿡 ô޸ٰ ׸ üϰ ġ. Ȱ ߱ϸ鼭 . ڽ ׸ źη . ִ ȥ鿡 ΰ ׵ ⵵ ˱. ׳డ ߴ ̽ ٱ Ÿ 13 ź ߽̾.
(4) ̸ B. ũ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ⟫, ̹ (: ٻ۹, 1994), 141.
(5) ̴ ȸ 1216 ̴ ħ ôϷ â ȸμ, ⵵ 뵿 ȸʹ ޸ ڵ Ͽ й ֵ 뵿 ǹκ Ǯְ ȸ ߽ Ź߼ ȸ Ȱ ϵ ȸ. , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫ ( ְ: еǻ, 2003), 48 .
(6) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 47-48.
(7) ̸ B. ũ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ⟫, 142.
(8) ƺο(ƶ ̺ õ, 1126-1198). ƶ ö, . ڸ ¾ , , , ö  ׾ƴ ״ Ƹڷ ظ ϼߴ. Ƹڷ ٸ ϴ ϻ ǥ Ҵ ״ Ƹڷ ö ϰ ׻󽺿 ũ ߴ.
(9) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 53.
(10) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 57.
(11) ̸ B. ũ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ⟫, 145.
(12) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 58.
(13) Ʈ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ Ͼ 1⟫, ̺ (: , 2009), 14.
(14) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 58.
(15) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 60.
(16) Ʈ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ Ͼ 1⟫, 15.
(17) Ʈ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ Ͼ 1⟫, 16.
(18) ȸ(Beguines) 12 13 ״, , ÿ Ͼ ü ̾. ַ ߻ ȥ پ Ȱ ڿ ȸȰ ߴ. ̵  źڵ ־ ȸ ȸ ̵ ս ȸ ް ߴ. ̵ źڵ ϸ å ؾ Ѵٰ ƴ.
(19) (Beghards) ŵ ü ´ . ȸ ȸ Ȱ Ź ߰, ߿ ġ鼭 縯ȸ ߴ. ׸Ͽ ȸ ȸ 1312 Ȳ Ŭེ 5 ̴ ˵Ǿ.
(20) ‘ ’ 12 Ͽ Ͼ ŷ ź ü̴. 縯ȸ Ǵ žӺ ܼϰ Ͽ 縯ȸκ ̴ ޾ źǿ ƴ.
(21) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 61.
(22) ‘ å’ 纰 밡 պ Ʊ׳׽(Agnes) åε, , ö 纯 ִ.
(23) Ʈ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ Ͼ 1⟫, 16.
(24) ũϸƮ ̸ B. ũϰ ⟪̽ ũϸƮ⟫ (̹ , ٻ۹, 1994), 44-132 Ƿ .
(25) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 61.
(26) Ʈ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ Ͼ 1⟫, 17.
(27) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 62; ̸ B. ũ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ⟫, 153.
(28) Ʈ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ Ͼ 1⟫, 18.
(29) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 62; ̸ B. ũ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ⟫, 155.
(30)  Ҵ ũϸƮ پ ڷ, ٺ ܽź ¾. 13 ܽź ̴ȸ ȸ, ź Ȱ ȭ ü , 18 ȥ ϱ ϰ Ȱ . ź񰡵 , ¼ ź  ι 򰡹޴´.

(31) ѳ׽ Ÿ﷯, ⟪ϴ ⟫, (: , 2014); ѳ׽ Ÿ﷯, ⟪ȥ ħ ⟫, ؼ (: ⵶ȸ, 2020).
(32) ̸ B. ũ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ⟫, 159.
(33) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫.
(34) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 10.
(35) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 11.
(36) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 13.
(37) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 15.
(38) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 16.
(39) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 18.
(40) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 19; ‘ó ó ̰, 縦 縦 ׿’ ı () ߴ.

(41) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 20.
(42) , ⟪̽ īƮ ⟫, 22.
(43) ̸ B. ũ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ⟫, 161.
(44) ̸ B. ũ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ⟫, 162.
(45) ̸ B. ũ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ⟫, 162.
(46) ̸ B. ũ , ⟪̽ ũϸƮ⟫, 163.

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